Vietnamese ends syllables with only a handful of sounds and never releases a final stop — English, inconveniently, loves elaborate word endings. That single difference produces most of the map below; the th pair and a couple of hiss distinctions do the rest.
A note on spelling: Vietnamese th is an aspirated t, which is why English th needs a genuinely new gesture, not a familiar letter.
Vietnamese th is a puffed t — English θ is something else entirely: tongue tip between the teeth, continuous soft air, no burst.
Hear the pair side by side →The voiced th of this: same between-the-teeth position, voice on. Not the đ of đi.
Hear the pair side by side →In northern speech s and x merge toward s. English keeps see and she firmly apart — for sh the tongue pulls back and the lips round slightly.
Hear the pair side by side →English splits i in two: ship is short and relaxed, sheep long and tense. The short one is the new one.
Hear the pair side by side →Apple's vowel opens wider than ê or e — jaw down, tongue low and forward.
Hear the pair side by side →Vietnamese finals are never released, and an unreleased d sounds like t in English. Bed needs an audible, voiced ending.
Hear the pair side by side →English words can end in a buzz — eyes is not ice. The voice must survive to the very end of the word.
Hear the pair side by side →Same voicing story with v: leave ends in a buzz, leaf in a hiss, and English speakers hear the difference instantly.
Hear the pair side by side →Which of these are actually yours? That is the part no list can know.
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